Western and Eastern Philosophy, and Contemporary Philosophy: Their Content and Values in the New Generation Societyand the Artificial Intelligence Era

 Western and Eastern Philosophy, and Contemporary Philosophy:

Their Content and Values in the New Generation Societyand the Artificial Intelligence Era

Lect. Dr. Phisit Kotsupho

A Former Professor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities at CMU, and Director of the Graduate School at MCU.CM. Campus

Prepared for lecture series for Master’s Degree students in Geo-social Sustainable Development at Mae Jo University during the Academic Year 2023

Scheduled in July 2, 2023.

 

Abstract

Philosophy has been around for centuries, and it has evolved over time to reflect the changing needs of society. In the past society, the new generation society or the artificial intelligence era, philosophy is still relevant and can provide us with valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities of our time. This paper will explore the content and values of Western, Eastern, and contemporary philosophy in the context of the new generation society and the artificial intelligence era. We will discuss how these different philosophical traditions can help us to understand the nature of reality, the meaning of life, and the role of humans in the world. We will also explore the challenges and opportunities that artificial intelligence poses for humanity. Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, but it also raises important ethical questions. Philosophy can help us to think critically about these questions and to develop ethical guidelines for the development and use of artificial intelligence. The paper will conclude by arguing that philosophy is still relevant in the new generation society and the artificial intelligence era. Philosophy can help us to understand the challenges and opportunities of our time, and it can provide us with the tools to make informed decisions about the future.

Keywords: philosophy, new generation society, artificial intelligence, ethics, values

 

1) Introduction

Societies in each era and region, both east and west, inevitably encountered problems and had different ways of thinking about solving them. Ancient societies lacked knowledge of natural laws, so when they experienced natural phenomena that were exciting or frightening, they tried to seek answers according to their own ideas and assumptions. They pointed to the supernatural, whether it was ghosts, spirits, or mysterious powers, as the inspiration for or cause of the occurrence of natural phenomena. If they wanted nature to be calm or to give them abundance, they found ways to eliminate and dispel problems with religious rituals, supernatural ceremonies, etc., to satisfy the supernatural powers behind natural phenomena and to be bestowed with the abundance of nature.

In societies with different geographies, such as in a desert, on a lonely island in the middle of the ocean, on vast plains, in forests, in hills, or in complex mountains soaring steeply, the ways of explaining natural causes to solve doubts and eliminate problems differed in each area and era, depending on the environmental and geo-social aspects of each ethnic group itself.

Through the ages, humans have learned from experience more knowledge of the secrets and laws of nature. The human thinking process and problem-solving skills became more systematic. Knowledge and understanding of natural phenomena that came closer to the natural law was born. This systematic thinking process was inherited from generation to generation and spread from one society to another, even in different geographies that were far apart. This enabled humans to develop their ways of thinking, and the quality of life and society leapfrogged from ancient society to a progressive society and modern society, as you know.

The consequences of the development of the thinking system

Generation after generation of thinkers proposed a systematic way of thinking. These influential thinkers, the intellectual leaders of society, were called “religious leaders,” “philosophers,” “scientists,” and “inventors.” It can be concluded that ideas and ways of thinking are inherently influential in determining the destiny of people and societies in every era. As the saying goes, “People live according to their ideas” or “You are what you think.”

What is a way of thinking?

According to the definition of the National Research Council of Thailand's Philosophy Committee, "way of thinking" means "principles or reasons in culture that give value and meaning to the ideology of people's lives in society." It consists of three major systems that are interrelated:

The system of moral and spiritual values

The wisdom system for dealing with people's social relations and the relationship between society and the natural environment

The ideological system of power that shows human dignity and rights (naturally)

Therefore, “thinking” is the “method,” “method used,” or “process” that people use to act, think, introspect, or process thoughts.

There are two ways of thinking:

1.   The reasoning method, or the logical method, is an essential part of the human thinking process. Different generations of humans have different ways of thinking. For example, the way of thinking of humans in traditional societies was dictated by superstition, religion, and life experience, while modern humans have a way of thinking that emphasizes reasoning and searching for scientific reasoning.

2.   The latter is the sum of the experience of human life. It has a meaning close to knowledge, wisdom, worldview, life, or ideology. It is a product of history. People who live in an era and an environment have their own way of thinking. For example, Thai people in the Sukhothai period inevitably have different ways of thinking from contemporary Thai people.

The evolution of human thinking

From the ancestors to the present, academic anthropology ranks the development of the way of thinking as follows:

 1. The way of thinking of a savage

It is a simple way of solving problems, backward, undeveloped, based on mystical ritual beliefs, irrational, and impromptu thinking only to meet the basic physical and mental needs of living beings. In fact, it should be called just natural instinct.

2. The indigenous way of thinking

White Europeans believed with prejudice that the natives have an inferior logic in solving problems than their own. They believed that aborigines have brains that can only be compared to a well-groomed white European child.

3.   The way of thinking of urbanites and modern Europeans

This way of thinking focuses on the individual, but also on the group or the whole. The influence of the group is important to the way of life of the individual. The loss of group identity and cohesion brings alienation, psychological problems, and conflicts. Therefore, the way of thinking is more complex at this level, seeing the relationship and harmony in the organization.

4.      Ways of thinking influenced by Protestant Christian ethics

This way of thinking lets the individual think that they should perform their worldly duties as best as possible. Doing such duties is the most valuable ethical obligation. This idea has a great influence on social life.

5.      The Universal Way of Human Thinking

Levi Strauss explains that the language that humans use to communicate their thoughts has a definite structure. Human thought works in binary oppositions, meaning that man produces meaningful thoughts only when he starts thinking about things that have opposite meanings, e.g. nature - culture, raw - ripe, etc.

Strauss commented on this:

Ancient people and modern people have different ways of thinking.

In ancient times, people thought like bricoleurs. They learned from life experiences and invented technology that focused on utility. They did not have textbooks to guide them, so their inventions were often simple and based on trial and error. They would pick up a few things and connect them together to create something new.

This group represents traditional ways of thinking and wisdom. It can be found in both primitive and modern societies.

Modern people think like engineers and scientists. They start from structured thinking. They do not think through trial and error, but instead try to approach problems using formulas, equations, theories, or structures. This is the key to their inventions and problem-solving.

This group represents the wisdom and products of the modern world. They have a scientific way of thinking and reasoning.

Human beings are skeptical thinkers. They are interested and observant in everything around them. They search for answers that they think are reasonable to the problems that they have in mind. This is the beginning of being a philosopher.

Being a philosopher arises from the fact that human beings know how to reason. As the Greek philosopher Aristotle defined the meaning of human beings, “Man is a rational animal.” (Aristotle. (1925). Nicomachean Ethics (W.D. Ross, Trans.). Clarendon Press. (Original work published prior to 1925, Page: 1139a10))

Philosophy is important to the United Nations. They have designated World Philosophy Day, which is celebrated on November 18th. 2010.

World Philosophy Day is an international day proclaimed by UNESCO to be celebrated every third Thursday of November. It was first celebrated on 21 November 2002.

The United Nations, through UNESCO, indeed uses this day to highlight the importance of philosophy and promote critical thinking and dialogue worldwide. The goal is to foster philosophical analysis, research, and studies on major contemporary issues, and respond more effectively to the challenges that are confronting humanity.

Here are some additional information about World Philosophy Day:

The day was proclaimed by UNESCO in 2002 at the request of the Moroccan government.

The theme for World Philosophy Day 2023 is "Philosophy along the Silk Roads."

There are many ways to celebrate World Philosophy Day, such as attending lectures, participating in discussions, or simply reflecting on your own philosophical beliefs.

(UNESCO. (2002). World Philosophy Day. Retrieved from (https://en.unesco.org /events/world-philosophy-day-0)

2. The Principle of Philosophy

Philosophy as understood by Thai people

About 60 years ago, the word “philosophy” was new to Thai people or in Thai educational circles. It was something that some Thais had to push forward until philosophy was included in the university curriculum in Thailand. In Western countries, however, philosophy subjects have been packed into the curriculum from the secondary level. This is because philosophy is the foundation of Western wisdom.

The origin of the word “Prajya” is from Krom Muen Narathiphongpraphan (also known as Prince Wanwitayakon Worawan), who coined the word to translate the English word “philosophy”. (Sompong Sucharitkul. (2008). A History of Thai Philosophy. Bangkok: The Siam Society. p. 1.)

The word “Prajya” in Sanskrit means "knowledge." However, knowledge is a philosophy. For example, seeking knowledge is the process of acquiring new information, while discovered knowledge is the knowledge that we have already acquired.

It is two levels of knowledge: seeking knowledge and discovered knowledge. These are causes and effects of each other. (Blackburn, S. (2008). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 672.)

 Indian philosophers called this system of thinking “Darasana”, which means “insight into the truth”. In Sanskrit, the word “Prajya” means “fruit of knowledge”, while the English word “philosophy” means “cause of knowledge”. However, the two concepts are difficult to distinguish from each other.

Saen Thammayot, who received his philosophy education from Vietnam and was a pioneer of philosophy in Thailand, considered the importance of philosophy. He said, “Philosophy is the science of knowledge and practice. It is the huge candle of the world that arises in the world to lead mankind to the path of peace.” (Sucharitkul, S. (1999). The Life and Works of Saen Thammayot. Bangkok: The Siam Society. p. 12.)

Philosophy is, in essence, the pursuit of truth. It seeks to understand the world, both at the ordinary level and at the highest level of abstraction. Philosophy satisfies our curiosity about the world and helps us to develop a worldview and a way of life. It is the core of all subjects.

The Thai understanding of philosophy has been shaped by both traditional and modern views. In the past, philosophy was often seen as a subject that was irrelevant to everyday life. Philosophers were seen as strange people who lived in a different world. Their way of life and way of thinking were not like those of ordinary people.

Today, there is a growing appreciation for philosophy in Thailand. However, there is still some misunderstanding about what philosophy is and what it can do. Some people still see philosophy as a subject that is not relevant to their lives. They may think that philosophers are crazy or out of touch with reality.

Philosophy is a valuable tool for understanding the world and our place in it. It can help us to make better decisions, to live more fulfilling lives, and to be more engaged citizens. We should not be afraid to talk about philosophy, even if we do not understand it all. Philosophy has something to offer everyone.

There are several reasons why some Thai people are hesitant to embrace philosophy. One reason is that philosophy is often seen as a subject that is irrelevant to everyday life. Another reason is that philosophy can be seen as a dangerous subject, as it can lead people to question the status quo. Finally, philosophy is not a profession that can create wealth or enhance one's economic status.

The line between genius and crazy is indeed very thin. Philosophers are often seen as crazy because they question the way things are and they come up with new ideas that challenge the status quo. However, it is important to remember that genius and crazy are not mutually exclusive. In fact, many great philosophers were also considered to be crazy in their time.

Ultimately, whether or not someone chooses to study philosophy is a personal decision. However, it is important to remember that philosophy can be a valuable tool for understanding the world and our place in it. It can also help us to make better decisions and to live more fulfilling lives.

 What is philosophy? Philosophers do not think like ordinary people. They do not take the world for granted. They ask questions, such as "Why is the world the way it is?" and "What is the meaning of life?" Ordinary people may not be curious enough to ask these questions, or they may think they already know the answers.

Philosophical thinking is a way of thinking rationally. It is not about daydreaming or letting your mind wander. It is about thinking critically and deeply about the world around you. It is about analyzing information, synthesizing knowledge, and forming your own opinions.

The answers you find through philosophical thinking may not always be right or wrong. They are your own personal opinions, and they may change over time. However, philosophical thinking can help you to better understand the world around you and to make more informed decisions about your life.

Philosophy is the art of rational thinking. It is a way of thinking through problems of self-interest and curiosity. It is a way of looking at life and the world from different perspectives. Philosophy is the art of thinking correctly. It is the art of using our minds to the best advantage, and of making the most of our faculties. It is the art of arriving at truth, and of avoiding error. It is the art of forming a correct judgment on all subjects, and of acting upon that judgment. (Whewell, W. (1837). The History of Philosophy. London: J. W. Parker. P.2)

   2.1 Foundations of Western Philosophy

             Western cultures strive to discover and validate the concept of  “truth,” whereas Eastern cultures often embrace truth as it stands, with a greater emphasis on achieving equilibrium. Western perspectives tend to prioritize individual liberties, while Eastern views underline the importance of communal responsibility.

            The term “Western philosophy” is used to describe the philosophical traditions that originated in the Western or Occidental world. This sphere of thought began with Ancient Greece and Rome and extended throughout Central and Western Europe. Here, we will explore some of the fundamental aspects of the Western philosophical journey, which took root during the Greek period. We will delve into key philosophical methodologies developed during this era.

2.1.1 Socrates  (470 bce, - 399 bce,): The Athenian's Method of Inquiry

 

        Socrates employed a distinctive method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method, to pursue knowledge. This technique, fundamentally dialogical, fosters the exchange of ideas through a series of questions and answers. The purpose of this method is to provoke critical thinking, unearth underlying principles, and elicit foundational beliefs. The Socratic method involves three primary steps:

1) Proposing definitions or initial views.

2) Posing questions that challenge these definitions or views.

3) Presenting a refined definition or viewpoint.

So, how does the Socratic method function in real-life situations?

This method serves as an effective tool for examining and challenging one's beliefs by scrutinizing the assumptions, evidence, and rationales supporting knowledge acquisition. It encourages active engagement, promoting critical thinking instead of passive consumption of information, as might be the case while listening to a lecture or watching a video. Therefore, the Socratic method enhances our critical thinking skills. (Gill, C. (1996). The Philosophy of Socrates. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. P.15.)

2.1.2 John Locke (1632-1704)

        Locke argued that people are born with blank minds, or tabula rasa. He believed that the mind is passive and that all knowledge comes from experience, specifically from the senses. Locke's theory of knowledge is known as empiricism. (Locke, J. (1689). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. London: T. Bassett. (Book II, Chapter I, Section 2)

2.1.3 René Descartes (1596-1650)

        Descartes proposed a systematic way of seeking knowledge, known as the method of doubt or rationalism. He believed that the only way to arrive at certain knowledge was to doubt everything, even the most basic assumptions. Descartes' method of doubt led him to the conclusion that the only thing he could be certain of was his own existence, which he famously expressed in the phrase "I think, therefore I am" (Latin: Cogito, ergo sum). – (Descartes, R. (1641). Meditations on First Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P.17)

2.1.4 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)  said,

       "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind." He meant that our thoughts are meaningless without the input of sensory experience, and our sensory experience is meaningless without the organizing power of our thoughts. In other words, the mind is active in both providing the structure for our experience and in making sense of that experience. (Kant, I. (1781/1787). Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P.92)

                        2.1.5 David Hume (1711-1776) Hume argued that past experience cannot be used as a successful formula for solving new problems. He believed that each problem is unique, and that the solutions to those problems must be tailored to the specific circumstances. Hume also argued that we should not rely on past successes as a guide to future behavior. He believed that the future is unpredictable, and that we should be prepared for the unexpected. (Hume, D. (1739). A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press. P.147-148)

2.1.6 William James (1842-1910)  James was a pragmatist, which means he believed that the meaning of an idea is determined by its practical consequences. He argued that knowledge comes from doing, or from practice. He believed that we learn by experience, and that the best way to understand something is to try it out for ourselves. (James, W. (1907). Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. Longmans, Green and Co. p.50)

The term "Western philosophy is largely secular" refers to the independence of most Western philosophical thought from specific religious doctrines. Its focus largely revolves around rational argumentation and empirical evidence applied to areas like ethics, metaphysics, logic, and epistemology.

Despite this, Western philosophy does engage with religious ideas and queries. Many philosophers have profoundly delved into religious themes, although their approach typically employs reason and evidence rather than relying solely on religious context. For instance, René Descartes presented a rational argument for the existence of God, which was independent of any religious doctrine.

The Enlightenment era, emphasizing reason and individualism over traditional authority, has significantly influenced Western philosophy, fostering its secular nature. John Locke, an Enlightenment philosopher, is a prime example who proposed that religious beliefs should hinge on reason and evidence rather than blind faith.

However, these are general observations, and variations exist across philosophers and philosophical traditions. Some Western philosophers, such as Thomas Aquinas, are notably influenced by religious thought. Some philosophical traditions, like phenomenology, may also be explicitly religious.

            2.2 Foundations of Eastern Philosophy

            Eastern philosophy encompasses a broad range of philosophies and ways of life. It primarily focuses on comprehending the workings of the universe and the concept of infiniteness.

             The principal tenets of Eastern philosophy embrace a holistic perspective on life and the world, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all things. This cosmic unity serves as a cornerstone in the quest for eternal truth. The cyclical nature of life, with its constant repetition and its connection to the surroundings, is a significant aspect of this philosophy.

            In general, Eastern philosophical traditions engage minimally in debates about the existence or non-existence of God. While some traditions do recognize supernatural entities and deities, they are usually perceived not as separate entities but as integral parts of the universe.

            Eastern philosophy is closely intertwined with religious practices such as Hinduism (referred to as Indian philosophy), Buddhism, and Chinese philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism.

            What valuable insights has Eastern philosophy offered the world?

      Perhaps the most profound contribution of the Eastern perspective lies in its inherent recognition of the unity and mutual interconnectedness of all things and events. It expresses an understanding that every phenomenon in the world is an embodiment of a fundamental, primordial unity. (Monroe, J. (2017). Eastern Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide. New York: Sterling Publishing. P.13.)

 

2.3 Foundations of Contemporary Philosophy

            Contemporary philosophy, spanning from the late 20th century to the present, exists in an era characterized by significant scientific and political revolutions. This dynamic period continues to spawn novel philosophical movements, primarily focusing on metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, aesthetics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and political philosophy.

            The term 'contemporary philosophy' typically refers to the philosophical thoughts associated with philosophers who have emerged from the late nineteenth century to the twenty-first century.

            During the 19th century, philosophical application started to diverge in various sectors of Western philosophy, particularly in the UK and North America. Emphasis on logic, language, and natural sciences became prevalent, fostering a tradition of philosophical innovation that birthed modern concepts like analytical philosophy. This approach employs logical and scientific methods to tackle philosophical problems.

             This era also saw the emergence of diverse philosophical traditions such as existentialism, which advocates for absolute freedom; phenomenology, which examines the structures of consciousness; hermeneutics, the philosophy of interpretation; positivism, which insists on the primacy of empirical evidence; structuralism, which focuses on underlying structures in systems of meaning; and philosophy of science, which scrutinizes the methods and principles of scientific investigation. (Bunning, N., & Tsui-James, E. (Eds.). (2004). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. P.23.)

          Here's a timeline of the mentioned philosophers and authors:

19^th Century

·   Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)

·   Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914)

·   Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

·   Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)

·   Alexius Meinong (1853-1920)

·   Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932)

Early 20^th Century

·   Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)

·   Henri Bergson (1859-1941)

·   Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)

·   Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)

·   Henry M. Sheffer (1882-1964)

·   Franz Kafka (1883-1924)

·   Karl Jaspers (1883-1969)

·   Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)

·   Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973)

·   Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)

·   Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970)

Mid 20^th Century

·   Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976)

·   Alfred Tarski (1901-1983)

·   Karl Popper (1902-1994)

·   Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

·   Kurt Gödel (1906-1978)

·   Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)

·   W. V. O. Quine (1908-2000)

Late 20^th Century

·   Albert Camus (1913-1960)

·   John Rawls (1921-2002)

·   Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996)

·   Hilary Putnam (1926- )

·   Edmund Gettier (1927- )

·   Jürgen Habermas (1929- )

·   Harry Frankfurt (1929- )

·   Jaakko Hintikka (1929- )

·   Jacques Derrida (1930-2004)

·   Carl Ginet (1932- )

·   Alvin Plantinga (1932- )

·   John Searle (1932- )

·   Thomas Nagel (1937- )

21^st Century

·   Robert Nozick (1938-2002)

·   Alvin Goldman (1938- )

·   Saul Kripke (1940- )

·   Frank Jackson (1943- )

·   Jonathan Dancy (1946- )

·   Peter Singer (1946- )

·   David Chalmers (1966- )

 

3. The Contemporary Society and the Era of Artificial Intelligence

 

3.1 The Classification of Modern Generations

The present societal age groups are commonly broken down as follows:

- Baby Boomers: This generation was born between 1946 and 1964, making them currently between 57 and 75 years old.

- Generation X: Gen X individuals, born between 1965 and 1979/80, are currently 41-56 years old.

- Generation Y: Also known as Millennials, these individuals were born between 1981 and 1994/6. They are currently 25-40 years old, with the younger cohort (Gen Y.1) being 25-29 years old and the older cohort (Gen Y.2) being 29-39 years old.

- Generation Z: The newest generation, Gen Z individuals were born between 1997 and 2012 and are currently between 9 and 24 years old.

- Generation Alpha: The beginning of Generation Alpha is marked by those born in 2012 and will continue until at least 2025 or beyond.

 

Preceding these four generations, there are three noteworthy generations:

 

1. Lost Generation: This generation was born between 1883 and 1900. Often associated with World War I, this generation has since passed away, earning them the moniker "Lost Generation".

2. Greatest Generation or G.I. Generation: This generation was born between 1901 and 1924, preceding World War II. They were instrumental in both the war effort and in the subsequent global economic recovery. Known for their formal demeanor, shared societal perspectives, and trust in governmental institutions, they played a pivotal role in societal development.

3. Silent Generation: Born between 1925 and 1945, this generation is smaller in number due to the occurrence of World War II and the ensuing economic depression. Known for their adherence to societal norms, loyalty to employers and the nation, as well as their increasing participation of women in the workforce, they played a significant role in societal and technological advancements. As the economy recovered, they also found new opportunities for entrepreneurship and technological development. (Chui, M., Manyika, J., & Osborne, M. (n.d.). The Future of Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. p. 11.)

 

Characteristics and Diverse Behaviors of Individuals Across Four Generations:

                 1) The Baby Boomer Generation (Gen B) comprises individuals born between 1946-1964, following World War II. This era was marked by peace after the devastation of war, and those who survived were left to rebuild their countries. The generation is named 'baby boomers' due to the spike in birth rates after the war, with the aim of increasing population and the workforce. Today, baby boomers are around 60 years old or older. They are characterized by their seriousness, adherence to traditional values, dedication to work, high tolerance levels, and frugality. These characteristics have often led to their classification as "conservatives."

         2) Generation X, or Gen-X, includes individuals born between 1965-1979. Also known as 'Yuppies' or 'Young Urban Professionals', Gen-X individuals were born into an era of affluence and comfort. Their childhood was marked by developments in computer video games and hip-hop music. Additionally, this generation saw the implementation of birth control measures in response to the high birth rates during the baby boomer era and the subsequent lack of resources to support the booming population.

         Presently, Gen-X individuals are in the workforce, aged around 40 years and above. They are known for their approach towards balancing work and family life, valuing their duties but not being workaholics. They are independent, self-focused, and open-minded, often demonstrating creative thinking. Gen-X individuals may lean towards antisocial behavior, may not be particularly religious, and are not strictly adherent to traditions. They are also adaptable to changing societal norms and cultures, showing acceptance for ideas like cohabitation before marriage, divorce, and third gender identities, which are generally viewed as nontraditional by the baby boomer generation. (Twenge, J. M. (2006). Generations at Work: Managing the Clash of Traditional and Modern Values. New York, NY: American Management Association. Page 22.)

            3) Generation Y, also known as Gen-Y or Millennials, includes individuals born between 1980-1997. Growing up amidst digital technology and globalization, this generation was exposed to and absorbed a broad spectrum of cultures, notably the 'Teen Pop' culture. They embraced portable technology and comfort, as they were born in an era of economic growth and prosperity. Their parents, primarily from the Gen B era, instilled in them a strong work ethic and ensured they were well cared-for. As a result, Gen-Y individuals often grew up with high expectations and a strong sense of entitlement.

         Characteristically, Gen-Y individuals seek transparency and clarity in their professional lives, requiring a clear understanding of how their contributions impact themselves and their organizations. They have high salary expectations and thrive on praise but may exhibit a lack of patience in their roles, leading to frequent job changes. Moreover, they strive for a work-life balance, preferring to spend their time after work on self-satisfying activities such as fitness, socializing, and pursuing hobbies.

         Currently, individuals from this generation are either pursuing higher education or have entered the workforce. Their familiarity with communication and IT, combined with their creativity, equips them to bring innovation to their roles. They also demonstrate an ability to multitask effectively, often simultaneously managing multiple digital devices. It's not uncommon to see individuals from this generation using their smartphones, tablets, and laptops while simultaneously engaging in other activities such as walking, working, or eating. (Weinstein, B. J. (2014). The Millennial Mindset: Understanding, Reaching, and Teaching Generation Y (pp. 33-34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.)

4) Generation Z, also known as Gen-Z, encompasses individuals born after 1997. They are the children of the Gen-X and Gen-Y parents and the first generation to grow up with comprehensive access to digital technology, wireless communication, and multimedia entertainment. This generation is unique as they are the first to experience both parents working outside the home, leading to a childhood primarily shaped by others rather than their parents.

Born and raised amidst advanced technology, Gen-Z individuals might find it challenging to envision a world without the internet. Smartphones are essentially seen as an extension of themselves, earning them the tag - 'Digital in their DNA.' They constantly monitor global trends and analyze data to predict future outcomes, facilitating quick decision-making. However, this inclination for promptness is coupled with an inherent uncertainty about the future, leading them to seek constant information to compare and preempt scenarios. Consequently, they tend to prioritize secure, well-paying jobs over those they might genuinely enjoy.

Gen-Z individuals demonstrate open-mindedness towards diverse ideas and cultures, facilitated by their broad exposure in the digital world. They are generally accepting of differences and exhibit a good ability to adjust their perspectives. They do not discriminate based on social class, skin color, religion, or different traditions. However, they might display a low tolerance for tasks that lack detailed explanation or clear reasoning, as they seek to fully understand all aspects of their lives.

When it comes to learning, Gen-Z individuals have the entire world at their fingertips. They show a preference for visual data, clear statistics, and succinct, easy-to-understand information over traditional lectures. This is because they have grown accustomed to assimilating information from short, concise online content. (Twenge, J. M., & Martin, A. (2019). Understanding Generation Z: The Challenges and Opportunities of Growing Up in a Digital Age. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Page 30.)

 Building bridges of understanding between different generations can be accomplished once we acknowledge the unique values and life experiences of each group. This understanding can be fostered through a three-step process:

1) Recognize the Diversity: Accept that individuals aren't identical, and that different beliefs or attitudes towards life don't necessarily translate to negativity.

2) Appreciate the Strengths: Instead of resisting the differences, attempt to identify and appreciate the strengths of individuals from each group.

3) Manage the Differences: Adapt your communication approach to resonate with each generation you're interacting with.

3.2 The AI era society: An Introduction to AI Technology

Artificial Intelligence (AI), a term initially coined around 1956 by the American computer scientist John McCarthy, draws its roots from Alan Turing's concept of simulating human thought in machines. Known as the 'father of Artificial Intelligence', McCarthy succeeded in developing the first AI system. (McCarthy, J. (1956). Memorandum on Artificial Intelligence. Dartmouth College. P.1)

AI represents the science and technology dedicated to making machines and computers smarter, striving to mimic human intelligence. However, its scope is not confined to observable biological phenomena.

An old adage states that "Man is the only creature who can conceive things that have never been seen before." This ability has allowed us to contemplate religious beliefs, supernatural entities, and even extraterrestrial beings, despite never having concrete proof of their existence. Similarly, the Wright Brothers, who believed in the possibility of human flight, led to the creation of the first airplane.

Such beliefs likely influenced John McCarthy's vision for AI – a future where machines would not only replicate human knowledge but also exhibit independent thinking and creativity.

Currently, even though the term 'AI' is ubiquitous, much of what we see labeled as AI in various products doesn't live up to the ideal. The full realization of AI would resemble fictional representations, like 'Jarvis' from the Iron Man movies, 'Sunny' from I, Robot, or 'Chappie' from the movie of the same name. In these instances, AI displays its own personality, similar to a growing child learning about humanity.

So, how many types of AI technology exist? (Chui, M., Manyika, J., & Osborne, M. (2014). The Future of Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. p. 11.)

Weak AI, also referred to as Narrow AI or Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), encompasses AI systems that assist in decision-making, provide advice or predictions based on statistical data, or perform specific tasks for which they have been trained. Examples of Weak AI in today's world include autonomous driving systems, computer program AI systems, sales forecasting systems, facial recognition technology, and virtual assistants like Apple's Siri. These AI systems operate within the confines of their algorithms and solve problems based on what they have learned.

On the other hand, Strong AI represents a level of artificial intelligence that possesses human-like intelligence or even surpasses it. According to theory, Strong AI is categorized into two types: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), which possesses human-like awareness and is not solely dependent on what it observes, and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI), which exhibits intelligence beyond human capabilities. However, Strong AI remains hypothetical and has not yet been realized in practice. It is either kept highly secretive or exists solely in the realms of movies and novels.

Numerous examples highlight the intriguing applications of AI technology in various domains. These include traffic route prediction systems like Google Maps, facial recognition systems, word detection systems in various applications, algorithms that facilitate content search and recommendations on platforms like Netflix, and many others.

One notable example is Sophia, a humanoid robot that utilizes AI technology. Sophia gained significant attention for being granted human rights and holding Saudi Arabian citizenship. Unveiled to the public in 2017, Sophia has made appearances at numerous press conferences, sharing her aspirations, thoughts, and human-like demeanor. Developed by Hanson Robotics, with David Hanson as the designer, Sophia is considered one of the most advanced AI robots to date. It is worth mentioning that Hanson drew inspiration from the renowned British actress Audrey Hepburn as a role model for Sophia's appearance.

Over the past decade, AI technology has brought transformative changes to various industries and people's lives. While efforts are being made to progress towards the ideal AI, concerns are rising among experts regarding the potential risks associated with the unchecked advancement of AI. There is a growing worry that if AI becomes uncontrollable, it may pose more harm than good to humanity, potentially leading to disastrous consequences. (Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. Page 3.)

 

4. The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society

            4.1 The Three Branches of Thai Philosophy

In presenting the concept of Thai philosophy, the author (Pisit) aims to propose a framework that encompasses traditional Thai worldviews, untouched by Western modern science. Drawing from historical texts, traditions, cultures, beliefs, and customs that are unique to Thailand, the Thai philosophical system perceives reality in a holistic manner. It acknowledges the interconnectedness of every aspect of human life with nature, the environment, and the broader human society. It also recognizes the existence of supernatural elements, such as guardian angels and the cycle of birth and rebirth. Thai society emphasizes interdependence and the cultivation of virtuous relationships to foster societal harmony, contrasting with the more fragmented nature of Western philosophical systems. The author classifies the concepts within the Thai philosophical system into three branches, corresponding to the Western philosophical framework: (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 57-60.)

Metaphysics

           Metaphysical reflections encompass beliefs about ghosts, spirits, angels, and the nature of this world and the afterlife. Thai folk tales and religious literature, such as the literary work "Traiphoom Phra Ruang," hold significant philosophical value as they provide insights into the origins of various creatures, the universe, and the creation of the world. These metaphysical teachings also educate individuals about concepts of sin and merit. To illustrate, one can examine the ideas surrounding the origin of the world, the universe, and humanity that have intrigued humanity since ancient times. Questions regarding the creation and existence of the world, weather phenomena, the sun, the moon, and stars have persisted. Among the Tai ethnic groups, particularly those residing in northern and northeastern Thailand as well as Laos, there are myths attributing the creation of the world and humans to "Phi Fah" or "Phi Tan," who are considered the creators. According to these myths, humans emerged from the "Elves" who sculpted figures of a woman and an upside-down man. These sculptures were crafted purely for the purpose of housing souls, devoid of any passions. As the wind blew, the scattered soul fragments settled in different places, giving rise to various human groups. Subsequently, a celestial fire engulfed the land, and the fragrance of the burning incense rose to the heavens, reaching the couple molded by the Elves. The Elves exclaimed, "The lowland world is indeed fragrant," and this fragrant human world became a realm of desire and passion. Once humans engaged in sexual intercourse, they could no longer return to the celestial realms... (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 62-63.)

This belief aligns closely with the legend of human birth as depicted in one of the most significant and ancient Buddhist texts in Thailand, known as the "Triphum Phra Ruang." This text was composed by Phraya Lithai of Sukhothai. According to the legend, the emergence of human beings in the world originated from Abhassara Brahma descending to partake of the soil in the human realm, which resulted in the awakening of desire and lust.

Similarly, the legend of the Lanna Ghost Pathommunee or Pathommunmuli describes the creation of the world, humans, animals, and plants in the following manner: "When the world had not yet manifested, only empty air prevailed. The convergence of heat and cold gave rise to a fierce whirlwind, eventually forming a clump. From this clump, land, water, rocks, cliffs, minerals, and moisture emerged in pairs on rocky slabs, transforming into grass. From the four elements, various creatures were born, such as worms, beetles, ants, bumblebees, bees, and creatures with bone and blood. However, these beings were minuscule, constantly being born and dying, spreading across the land over countless eons." (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 63-64 and Chaiyaphorn Srisang, trans. (2003). The Three Worlds According to King Ruang: A Thai Buddhist Cosmology. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 25-26.)

In this legend, a female human being named Nang Itangkaiya Sangkasi originated from the earth element. She nourished herself with the fragrance of flowers due to the abundant vegetation on the ground. Nang Itangkaiya Sangkasi then used Sethani (water or sweat) and Medini (earth) to mold a pair of animals, male and female, to consume the vegetation. A male human named Napungkaiya Sangkasi, born from the fire element, met Nang Itangkaiya Sangkasi, and they formed a husband-and-wife relationship through mental attunement. Together, they contributed to the creation of three human beings: a female, a male, and a genderless individual known as Napungsa. Humans and animals subsequently dispersed, inhabiting different regions of the world. As the population grew, moral transgressions occurred, with wicked individuals engaging in highly immoral activities. Ultimately, in the culmination of this world cycle, the "grandfather and grandmother" would bring about its destruction. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. p. 64.)

This is the myth of the world's creation and the birth of human beings through natural processes, without the involvement of angels, Phraya Thaen, or gods. It is attributed to the natural evolution and the cycles of winter and summer, which bring about variations in the wind, water, and fire elements. When the wind blows and combines with the heat, it causes the water to evaporate, leading to the formation of the earth's crust (earth element) with moisture. From this mixture of water and earth, a sludge known as "Khi Tum Puak" or "Khi Khai Nam" emerged, giving rise to the first human couple. They were born purely from the natural elements, with females being the first to emerge from the earth element, followed by males born from the fire element. They were initially referred to as the “Nang Id Thang Khaiya Sangkasi”, maiden and Napung Kaiya Sang Khasi. Over time, different regions gave them various names, such as "Pu Sangkhasa-Ya Sangkhasi" Furthermore, the notion of great evil within humanity leading to the idea of world destruction is a recurring theme found in various religions and cultures.

According to the Chronicles of Lan Xang, the first humans were born from gourds called "Lavu" or "Lapu" in Pali. These gourds gave rise to a race called "Laos," because they were born from the "Lau" gourds.

The legend tells of three Khun (lords) named Pu Lang Choeng, Khun Kek, and Khun Khan. They sought permission from Phraya Thaen to extend their lineage and return to live in human cities. Phraya Thaen granted their request and provided them with a buffalo to help them plow the fields. However, the buffalo eventually died, and on its carcass, a very large gourd grew.

When the gourd reached maturity, voices of many people were heard emanating from within. The three lords heated a ferrous iron until it turned red and drilled two holes in the gourd. These holes allowed two groups of people to emerge: Thai Lom and dark-skinned Thais. These individuals became the ancestors of the Kha, Khmer, and Mon people.

Some people remained inside the gourd, so the three Khun Pung found a chisel and drilled three additional holes. Those who emerged from these holes had fairer complexions, such as Thai Lerng, Thai Lor, and Thai Kraw. They later became the ancestors of the Lao people, Thai people, and Vietnamese people.

           In summary, there are two distinct concepts regarding the origin of the world and human beings. One concept involves the belief in a deliberate creation of the world and humans by divine entities, as depicted in various myths and legends. The other concept suggests that the world and human beings are naturally born from the four elements, without the intervention of any divine force. These contrasting beliefs reflect different cultural perspectives on the fundamental origins of life. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 64-65.)

The Belief of Supernatural Power

Thai people hold a strong belief in the supernatural realm, encompassing mystical powers, miracles, spirits, ghosts, and various non-human entities that possess influence and control over human beings. This belief system stems from a historical lack of understanding of natural laws, leading to the attribution of natural phenomena to mysterious forces. To ensure favorable outcomes, Thai people would engage in practices aimed at appeasing and satisfying these supernatural powers. Rituals, sacrifices, offerings, and worship are performed in accordance with these beliefs, as a means to manipulate and overcome the forces that govern nature.

Thai culture encompasses a belief in various types of beings, including giants, garudas, serpents, mermaids, and more. Additionally, there is a longstanding belief in the existence of magic, spells, superstitions, misfortune, bad luck, evil forces, and mysterious powers. Psychic abilities are also recognized and regarded in Thai culture.

The belief in destiny and merit has long been ingrained in Thai culture. It raises the philosophical question of whether humans are predetermined or possess free will. In Thai society, there is a tendency to lean towards the belief that the destiny of individuals is preordained. This perspective suggests that one's wealth or misfortune is predetermined from birth. A common saying reflects this belief: "Boon Tham Kam Teang," meaning that one's destiny is influenced by past actions and merits. It is believed that lineage, race, and family play a significant role in determining one's fate, as seen in expressions like "The leaven does not leave rows" or "The fruit doesn't fall far from the tree." These sayings emphasize that one's character and destiny are closely tied to their origins, and it is difficult to break away from this predetermined path.

With the influence of Buddhism, the belief in destiny and merit has evolved among Thai people. While the notion of predetermined destiny based on past karma remains, there is an understanding that individuals can shape their own fate. This belief emphasizes that one's happiness or sorrow, success, or failure, is not determined by their ethnicity or birth, but rather by their own actions and karma. Thai people recognize that they have the power to create new karma and change their circumstances for better or worse. This perspective aligns with the belief that our future is within our control, as we are responsible for our own actions and the consequences they bring. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 65-67.)

Former Air Force Officer Air Force Lieutenant was accused of treason twice (in 1934 and 1938). While imprisoned, he had time to write books and poems. A well-known comment has been published that he is a sharp thinker and an eloquent novelist. One of his novels, "Mueang Nimit" (English title: "An Idealist's Dream"), was published in 1939 and was confiscated by the government. A rewritten version of the novel, titled "The Dream of the Idealist," was published in 1944. The novel discusses the influence of the environment on human life, both the natural environment and the environment that is created by human hands. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. p. 68.)

The Belief of Thai People:

In fact, Thai people have long believed in astrology. They believe that the fate of the country and its people depends on destiny and the orbit of the stars. This is why they often consult horoscopes, which are predictions about a person's future based on their birth date and time. Thai people also believe that it is important to choose auspicious times for important events, such as weddings and funerals. They believe that if these events are held at the right time, they will be more successful.

Thai people believe in the cycle of birth and death. After a person dies, they may be reborn in a city or in a remote country. They may even be reborn as a new member of their own family. After death, a person may be reborn as a plant (such as a champa tree), an animal (such as a golden goby), a ghost, a giant, or even another human being. The concept of the cycle of birth and death may have been influenced by Buddhism, which teaches the law of karma. This law states that every action has a reaction, and that our actions in this life will affect our lives in the next. Therefore, we are reborn to atone for the karma we have created in previous lives. This cycle of birth and death will continue until we have achieved enlightenment. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 67-68.)

     The Belief of The Absolute Truth

Before the influence of Buddhism, Thai people held a belief in the concept of supreme truth or supreme reality, which can be understood through three perspectives. Firstly, they recognized the material world as a tangible and existing reality, contrary to the notion that it is merely an illusion. Unlike the Brahmin sages' understanding, Thai people viewed the material world as genuine and substantial. Secondly, they acknowledged the existence of other realms beyond the physical world, such as the afterlife, hell, heaven, and supernatural dimensions inhabited by immortal beings like ghosts or spirits. These concepts could be likened to the idea of a divine being, comparable to the concept of God in Christianity or Brahmanism. Lastly, Thai people recognized the presence of natural laws inherent in the universe, which were perceived as fundamental and self-existing, not established by human beings. Over time, this understanding expanded to encompass moral laws and the law of karma, as Thai people embraced and integrated Buddhist teachings into their belief system.

            In conclusion, the concept of metaphysics is a realist approach to understanding the world. It emphasizes the importance of both the body and the mind and does not separate the two as in Western dualism. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 66-67.)

        Epistemology

Thai people in the past had ideas about the pursuit of knowledge, or epistemology. These ideas can be classified into the following two categories:

Knowledge as a subject: This type of knowledge refers to general knowledge, which can be divided into various fields such as history, Thai studies, philosophy, political science, and ancient magic.

Knowledge as experience: This type of knowledge is acquired through observation of nature, the environment, and sources of knowledge such as textbooks. It can also be expanded through the process of studying and training from teachers, as in the words that Khun Phaen teaches Plai Ngam in the story of Khun Chang Khun Phaen.

 

In the realm of textbooks, children find delight,

Kept organized in cabinets, a treasure in their sight.

If ever they forget where dreams should be sought,

Both fathers and teachers guide their thoughts.

Knowledge, a vast expanse, a boundless sea,

With every step forward, growing they shall be.

Mrs. Thongprasri, to Somphan Temple she goes,

With Plai Kaew, to learn what wisdom bestows.

Oh Lord, bless this ordainment, this sacred act,

Chanting, consecrating, virtues intact.

With Khun Krai by our side, we beseech thee,

Grant us the grace of merit, set our spirits free.

 Reading and writing, subjects of great might,

Passed down through generations, an eternal light.

For in the pursuit of knowledge, we forever learn,

Through wisdom's flame, our spirits brightly burn.

(Phisit Kotsupho, Thai Philosophy : The Thinking Sytem of Thai People,  on  http://phil-re4you.blogspot.com/2017/03)
            The nature of knowledge derived from this source is known as A posteriori Knowledge, which Thai people refer to as "Pond Sawaeng." It is acquired through learning and practice, with the belief that one is not inherently good at something but can become proficient through diligent effort and continuous improvement.

   Knowledge is also derived from thinking and reasoning, utilizing intelligence and wit to generate new insights, and understanding. Thai people believe in the existence of innate talent, where some individuals possess innate wisdom and creative ideas from birth. This is often referred to as being a genius, exemplified by figures like Sriprath, who could compose royal poems with remarkable ease upon being presented with two lines by King Narai the Great during the Ayutthaya period. Another example is a four-year-old child who, without formal education, can engage in complex games and answer questions, demonstrating exceptional cognitive abilities. These instances showcase the concept of knowledge preceding experience, known philosophically as Apriori Knowledge. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 69-70.)

Thai people employ all three theories when validating knowledge:

1. Inherence Theory: This theory assesses the truthfulness of statements based on their consistency with other messages within the same system. If a message aligns with existing knowledge and is coherent, it is considered true. For example, the belief that life has its ups and downs corresponds to the understanding that everything is subject to change and uncertainty. This theory follows a deductive approach to acquiring knowledge.

However, some Thai beliefs based on a priori knowledge may not align with objective facts due to weak logic or a lack of universal truth. For instance, the belief that individuals who have had three husbands or been ordained three times are inherently bad people is not universally true or logically sound.

2. Correspondence Theory: According to this theory, knowledge is considered true when it accurately reflects reality. For instance, the sayings "Seeing with your own eyes is better than hearing from others" and "Hands-on experience surpasses mere observation" emphasize the importance of firsthand experience and direct perception. This theory is closely related to the process of induction.

3. Pragmatism Theory: Pragmatism holds that truth is determined by practical utility, success, and practical benefits. Knowledge is deemed true if it proves useful in practice and yields satisfactory results. This theory emphasizes the practicality and usefulness of knowledge, as expressed in the proverb that "Traveling together is better than walking alone" and "The true value of knowledge lies in its practical application and tangible outcomes."

In pursuit of your desires, grasp them tight,

Crush them firmly, overcome the fight.

If clarity is what you seek in your quest,

Illuminate the path, put doubts to rest.

But remember, don't let lice take precedence,

For love of them should not cloud your sense.

The wind may dance upon the water's flow,

Yet don't let it steal your heart's warm glow.

A cave may offer solace, dark and deep,

But don't forsake the house where memories seep.

The moon may captivate with its gentle light,

Yet the sun shines brightly, a guiding might.

So heed these words and find your way,

Balance your desires with wisdom each day.

For in the dance of love and choices made,

Let clarity guide, like a guiding blade.

(Phisit Kotsupho, Theories and Problems of Epistemology 2016, Chiang Mai : Department of Philosophy & Religion, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, p 253)

Thai people respect Buddhism, and therefore emphasize the pursuit of knowledge according to Buddhist philosophy. This knowledge can be acquired through direct experience, observation, and reflection, as well as through learning from others. However, the most important source of knowledge is meditation and the development of the mind. This is because meditation allows us to see the world as it truly is, without the distortions of our senses and our thoughts. True knowledge, or wisdom, is in accordance with reality. It is not based on personal opinions or beliefs, but on direct experience of the world.

        Ethics

    In the teachings of Thai people, according to various literature, most of them instill moral and ethical values. They teach about goodness, evil, sin, merit, and blame, emphasizing correctness and fairness in society and in private. Humility and obedience to elders are also taught. In the concept of ethical systems, the values of goodness of Thai people can be presented according to the following issues:

• Goodness of children: Obeying the sermons without being unruly, stubborn, or idle is the goodness of children.
• Good friend: Not abandoning friends in times of poverty, sickness, and death is the virtue of a good friend.
• Virtue of an adult: Not being arrogant, conceited, or boastful, and having kindness is the virtue of an adult.
• Good of rulers and leaders: Justice is the good of rulers and leaders.
• Good of everyone: Knowing how to apologize and knowing how to forgive, saying "It's okay, let's break up" is the good of everyone.
• Virtue of everyone: Consideration, knowing low and high places, and having respectfulness is the virtue of everyone.
• Good of everyone: Honesty, truthfulness, is the good of everyone.

(Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 73-74.)

Criteria for Measuring Goodness

Although Thais do not have a system to measure merit, most Thai people do not have extreme likes or dislikes. They tend to stick to the middle way, or moderation. This value is used by Thai people to evaluate the value of actions according to Thai culture. Thai culture is a culture of thought, where the intention of the action is more important than the result of the action. This can be seen in the Thai phrase "important to the heart." However, Thai culture is also flexible and can change according to events.

1. The Absolute criteria or Absolutism centers around the intrinsic value of certain actions and qualities, regardless of external factors. Gratitude, honesty, and kindness towards those in need are universally recognized as virtuous acts, and individuals who embody these qualities are seen as morally upright. This belief is deeply rooted in religious and ethical principles, as exemplified by the Sukhothai inscription. Moral norms serve as guiding principles, preventing the exploitation of the common people by those in positions of power. Each region in Thailand has its own unique cultural criteria and traditions. In Lanna, there is a belief that misdeeds incur consequences from supernatural entities, while the northeastern region emphasizes a 12-month tradition related to Buddhist principles and the 14 social provisions, which provide guidelines for interacting with others in various situations. However, in modern Thai society, these criteria have lost much of their significance, and their importance is often overlooked.

2. Relative criteria depend on various factors such as individuals, locations, time, levels, and knowledge of appropriateness. It allows for adjustments in behavior according to different situations, emphasizing the concept of "let the eyes follow." This flexible approach can sometimes give the impression that Thai people are not serious and lack principles, being playful or whimsical. For instance, in a democratic system with a constitution and elected government, the general principle is to avoid coups or any action that undermines democracy. However, when the military staged a coup on September 19, 2006, forming the "Council for Democratic Reform with the Monarch as Head of State" (CCP), many Thai people showed support, admiration, and even brought their children to see the soldiers and tanks, capturing the event like a festive occasion. Even those who previously staunchly believed in democratic principles recognized that the CCP's intervention was necessary in a time when the country was on the brink of collapse due to the Thaksin regime. This inconsistent behavior can be perplexing to foreigners who wonder about the criteria that Thai people adhere to. The fluctuating nature of Thai social standards (Social Norms) is influenced by the surrounding environment, leading to variations in attitudes and behavior

3. The Middle Criterion, characterized by compromise and adaptability, is deeply ingrained in Thai culture. However, it is not a sign of weakness or indecisiveness. Rather, Thais prefer to avoid confrontations and violent conflicts by seeking a middle ground. They strive to find a solution that preserves the goodwill of both parties. This approach is encapsulated in expressions like "Lotus does not bruise" or "Don't let the water become cloudy." Thais are often misunderstood as being "two-headed birds" or having a "two-pointed tongue," being seen as indecisive. However, adhering to the middle path is not merely about compromising between extremes; it can involve finding new alternatives and innovative solutions. It offers a third option that effectively resolves conflicts of thought and behavior. It is a principle rooted in flexibility and pragmatism, enabling harmony and progress in various situations. (Phisit Kotsupho, Thai Philosophy : The Thinking Sytem of Thai People,  on  http://phil-re4you.blogspot.com/2017/03.

What defines a virtuous individual?

According to Thai people, the attributes of a good person can be observed through both external and internal qualities. The external traits are known as extrinsic values, which are visible and apparent. These include ethics and integrity, reflecting one's actions and behavior. However, the intrinsic qualities, referred to as intrinsic values, also play a significant role in defining a good person. These values encompass personal virtues and inner qualities that shape one's character and moral compass. Together, these intrinsic and extrinsic qualities form a holistic understanding of what it means to be a good individual in Thai society.

According to the Thai concept, good people have the following characteristics:

They love one another.

They consider virtue more than benefits.

They get along with others.

They produce good results.

On the mental side, they have respect for their fathers, mothers, and teachers. They are also sweet to the young.

Chao Phraya Phra Sadet Surendrathibodi (B.E. 2444) identified ten good properties of good people:

They are orderly.

They do not commit obscene acts.

They have right respect.

They have a loving demeanor.

They are dignified.

They are not selfish.

They have a kind heart.

They do good deeds.

They are honest.

(Chao Phraya Phra Sadet Surendrathibodi (2444) 10 Good Properties of the Good people)

These qualities are all rooted in kindness, which is the foundation of all good behavior. When people are kind, they are more likely to be helpful, compassionate, and understanding. They are also more likely to be productive and successful in their lives.

Kindness is a powerful force that can make the world a better place. When we are kind to others, we not only make them feel good, but we also make the world a more harmonious and peaceful place. (Pisit Charoenwongsa. (2007). Thai Philosophy: The Essence and Value of Philosophy in Thai Society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 80-81.)

2. External Characteristics

            Good individuals are recognized not only for their internal qualities but also for their external characteristics. These attributes include their behavior, influence, authority, status, and ability to protect those under their care. Good people also demonstrate their commitment as responsible citizens and possess knowledge in various fields.

             In 1912, Chao Phraya Wisut Suriyasak (M.R. Pia Malakul) composed a list of 12 external characteristics of good individuals known as " Noble Qualities”. These characteristics emphasize proper conduct and etiquette, including:

                  1.      Showing respect by sitting politely only in front of adults.

2.      Avoiding walking in front of adults.

3.      Never turning one's back on elders.

4.      Giving up one's seat or offering a suitable seat to adults or women.

5.      Avoiding actions such as smoking or carrying items in a way that may inconvenience others.

6.      Removing one's hat when entering other people's homes.

7.      Removing one's hat in any place of worship, regardless of religion.

8.      Prioritizing respect for elders as young people.

9.      Respecting women first as men.

10.  Paying respect to monks first.

11.  Respecting the person who is seen first.

12.  Responding respectfully to everyone, even if they were the first to show respect, without indifference.

     In terms of verbal conduct, there are six guidelines to follow:

                 1.      Avoiding mocking or deceiving adults.

2.      Refraining from speaking ill of the relatives and friends of others.

3.      Avoiding disrespectful or offensive speech towards anyone.

4.      Seeking permission before making remarks that may offend others.

5.      Apologizing when one makes a mistake towards another person.

6.      Expressing gratitude by always saying thank you when someone shows appreciation.

             The concept of goodness in Thai culture encompasses both internal and external aspects. Good individuals exhibit moral excellence and are recognized for their positive contributions to society. Various criteria are used to assess Thai goodness, which can be applied in different contexts and situations. (Chao Phraya Wisut Suriyasak (M.R. Pia Malakul), 2455, Noble Qualities. NA.)

            4.2 The Value of Philosophy

            The Renaissance painting The School of Athens is full of famous faces, including Plato and Aristotle, and is full of symbols. The painting is a love letter to past philosophers. Today, our love letter looks a little different from Raphael's masterpiece, but the world is still fascinated by philosophy.

            Contrary to what many people think, philosophy is not a dry academic exercise with no real application. Philosophy has value and importance. It can help us to understand the world around us, to make better decisions, and to live more fulfilling lives.

Here are 10 reasons highlighting the value and significance of philosophy:

4.2.1 Philosophy explores profound questions: Philosophy engages with essential inquiries that transcend specific disciplines. Whether it is contemplating human rights, the meaning of existence, or the ideal form of governance, philosophy has always fueled human curiosity since ancient times. Philosophers dedicate themselves to exploring the thought process, analyzing their ideas at each step. In philosophy, no question is too vast or too trivial.

4.2.2 Philosophy enhances critical thinking and reasoning: Alongside grappling with significant questions, philosophy nurtures the ability to think critically. Critical thinking and reasoning are fundamental components of philosophical thinking. Philosophers have long deliberated on methods to assess and categorize different thinking styles, as well as how to identify valid reasoning. These ongoing discussions foster intellectual growth. By adopting philosophical concepts and developing a critical eye for analyzing texts and ideas, you enhance your capacity for sound reasoning. This skill empowers you to discern ideas worthy of exploration from those built on weak or illogical foundations. It is an invaluable skill applicable to all aspects of life.  

4.2.3 Philosophy Guides the Research Process

      When faced with a research project, the amount of information can be overwhelming. Philosophy's emphasis on analytical thinking and sound arguments can help you sort through it all. You will be able to tell when an idea or argument is not sound, so you can focus your attention elsewhere. Philosophy can also help you develop your stance by using clear, logical reasoning based on your research.

4.2.4 Philosophy Teaches Persuasion

      In addition to critical thinking and reasoning, philosophy also teaches the importance of persuasion. You can have the best arguments in the world with lots of evidence, but what good is it if you can't get other people to see it? The art of persuasion, or rhetoric, has been used by everyone from politicians to lawyers to poets since ancient times. When you study philosophy and rhetoric, you will learn how to develop and present your arguments in a way that engages your audience. This is an extremely valuable skill no matter what your goals are.

4.2.5 Philosophy Teaches Problem Solving

      Problems are a part of life. No matter what kind of problem you face, philosophy can help. That's because philosophy teaches techniques such as observation, intuition, logic, critical thinking, and effective research. You can isolate the problem to its essence and test solutions. Philosophy was developed to solve problems in the form of big questions, so it makes sense that it would be useful for any problem.

4.2.6 Philosophy Applies to All Disciplines

      No matter what you're interested in, there is a philosophical aspect to it that can enhance your learning experience. On the one hand, philosophy compels you to ask questions like "what?" and "why?" Whether you're studying literature or science, philosophical essays will make you ask: What is the essence of the topic at hand? And why is it important? Philosophy is about critical thinking and reasoning, which are important skills in any field. They make the learning process more organized and rewarding.

4.2.7 Philosophy Creates a Good Foundation for a Wide Variety of Careers

Philosophy isn't just useful in the classroom or learning environment. It is an important tool for various career paths, including the business world. In business, success requires the ability to work through complex problems, write persuasive arguments for job titles, and research quickly and efficiently. Critical thinking and reasoning are essential skills in these areas. This is even more true for the legal profession. A career in a science-related field also requires proficiency in philosophical concepts and critical thinking. Any career can benefit from philosophy. It's not a subject that's limited to academics.

4.2.8 Philosophy Helps to Distinguish Beliefs

      Most people go through life without questioning what they believe. Philosophy asks us to take a closer look at our lives and worldviews. We may realize that what we used to believe in ourselves, the world, and so on, no longer makes sense. On the other hand, we may become more confident in what we believe, even if we never defend it against other people. The process of questioning and gathering evidence for our beliefs can change our lives.

4.2.9 Philosophy Influences the World Today

      Even if you don't know it, philosophy has a profound impact on the way the world works. We have democracy because of philosophers. Many issues that people argue about every day, such as what it means to be a good person, are matters of philosophy. If you ever wondered why the world is the way it is, and you look back at history, you will find that most of it is rooted in philosophy.

4.2.10 Philosophy Can Fuel Change and Progress

      The biggest changes in history, whether cultural or political, start with an intellectual debate. Because philosophy is all about being mindful of everything, including questions and thought processes, it encourages the world to look deeper into why things are the way they are and if they could be better. That's how progress is made. (Warburton, Nigel. (2010). The Value of Philosophy. London: Routledge. pp. 27-35.)

5. Conclusion

            In our exploration of Western, Eastern, and Contemporary Philosophy, we've delved into their content, values, and the significance they hold for the upcoming generation and the era of artificial intelligence. This understanding has brought us to appreciate philosophy's central role as a framework to shape our interaction with this new wave of advanced technology, and its influence on society.

            Each branch of philosophy, whether it be Western, Eastern, or Contemporary, holds a treasure trove of insights that can help us navigate the increasingly complex terrain of our times. The core values of these philosophies promote rational thinking, ethical considerations, and awareness of our interconnectedness, all of which are crucial for our engagement with artificial intelligence.

             The advent of artificial intelligence offers immense potential benefits but also presents ethical challenges that philosophy is well-equipped to address. The philosophy's tradition of inquiry and analysis can help guide us in identifying, discussing, and addressing these concerns.

             In this artificial intelligence era, philosophy remains ever more relevant. Its teachings allow us to confront the ethical implications of AI, guide its development, and ensure its alignment with human values. Its ability to foster critical thinking, enhance understanding, and promote balanced judgment renders it invaluable in this rapidly evolving landscape.

             As we step into the future, the study and application of philosophy will continue to be a vital tool. It will help us not only in grasping the complexities of new technologies like AI but also in ensuring that these technologies are utilized in a manner that aligns with our ethical principles and contributes to the betterment of society. In essence, the journey of philosophy is far from complete; instead, it promises to be an increasingly important companion as we navigate the uncharted waters of the future.

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